psychology Discussion 1 

psychology

Publisher:

Pearson: Allyn & Bacon

PSY 270

Learning Theories

Text: Learning and Memory4th Edition, 2009ISBN: 10: 0205658628/ 13: 9780205658626Authors:Scott TerryshapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21496,0);(0,0);(0,21487);(21496,21487)posrelh0posrelv0pibLearning TheoriesMultiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)

1. The central question for the field of Learning is:

(a) How do genetics influence behavior?

(b) What role does the environment play in the development of mental process– es?

(c) How do we come to have knowledge?

(d) Why do learning disabilities develop?

2. Which of the following could be considered valid ways to measure learning?

(a) the rate at which an animal presses a bar in an experimental chamber

(b) the degree to which one’s respiration rate changes from one situation to another

(c) the ability of an individual to recall material while completing an exam

(d) all of the above

3. Which of the following is not demonstrative of learning?

(a) possessing factual knowledge

(b) the acquisition of a new skill

(c) experiencing a surge in one’s attentional ability following the consumption of a stimulant medication

(d) feeling more competent after training, compared to before training

4. One’s potential for learning could be demonstrated if:

(a) acquired knowledge is used after it is initially obtained

(b) acquired knowledge is used as it is obtained

(c) acquired knowledge is used before it is obtained

(d) none of the above

5. Which of the following changes in behavior are typically excluded from a formal definition of learning?

(a) changes that are transient

(b) permanent changes in behavior

(c) changes in one’s behavioral repertoire

(d) none of the above

6. Bandura’s “BoBo doll” experiment illustrated the distinction between:

(a) physiological and affective changes in behavior

(b) potential and actual changes in behavior

(c) potential and maturational changes in behavior

(d) actual and physiological changes in behavior29shapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21500,0);(0,0);(0,21487);(21500,21487)posrelh0posrelv0pibLearnin Theories30

7. Changes due to maturation are excluded from the definition of learning because:

(a) they may arise from innate forces

(b) neural

(c) they occur independent from one’s experiences

(d) all of the above

8. Which of the following is a maturation-based, as opposed to experience- based, change in behavior?

(a) a rat’s faster pace through a maze after 10 attempts through the maze

(b) a decrease in one’s anxiety level towards horror films after viewing one horror film per day for an entire year

(c) developing aggressive tendencies after viewing models acting in an aggressive manner

(d) bone growth

9. Habituation can be measured by:

(a) observing whole-body startle reactions to loud tones

(b) measuring the amount of blood flowing into one’s brain

(c) measuring changes in the electrical conductivity of the skin

(d) all of the above

10. Which of the following is most likely to result in suppressed responding during a habituation experiment?

(a) spaced presentations

(b) massed presentations

(c) savings

(d) generalization

11. Which of the following is most likely to result in durable habituation?

(a) spaced presentations

(b) massed presentations

(c) savings

(d) dishabituationshapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21498,0);(0,0);(0,21487);(21498,21487)posrelh0posrelv0pibLearning Theories31

12. After habituating his animals to a visual stimulus, Dr. Stillman presents a novel tone to his subjects. Following the presentation of the tone, the animals are again shown the initial visual stimulus, but they no longer habituate to this event. What has occurred?

(a) generalization

(b) sensory adaptation

(c) savings

(d) dishabituation

13. After habituating his animals to a dark-blue circle, Dr. Stillman presents a light-blue circle to his subjects and finds that they continue to habituate to this novel item. What has occurred?

(a) generalization

(b) sensory adaptation

(c) savings

(d) dishabituation

14. Effector fatigue occurs when:

(a) sensory receptors lose their ability to detect changes in the environment

(b) one’s response system is depleted

(c) a subject exhibits an orienting response to a stimulus

(d) none of the above

15. Neurons directly involved in the reflex arc have been labeled:

(a) Type S

(b) Type R

(c) Type H

(d) Type A,

16. Neurons directly involved in the reflex arc have been labeled __ , and are closely related to the process of __ .

(a) Type S; sensitization

(b) Type S; habituation

(c) Type H; sensitization

(d) Type H; habituationshapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21498,0);(0,0);(0,21482);(21498,21482)posrelh0posrelv0pibLearnin Theories

17. Neurons that playa major role in the general level of arousal of the nervous system have been labeled:

(a) Type S

(b) Type R

(c) Type H

(d) Type A

18. Why is a CR sometimes called an anticipatory response?

(a) because a subject anticipates that making a CR will lead to some type of reward

(b) because a subject makes a CR during the presentation of the US

(c) because a subject makes a CR during the presentation of the CS

(d) none of the above

19. Which of the following methods of classical conditioning is focused on the survival value of conditioned associations?

(a) eyeblink conditioning

(b) SCR measurement

(c) conditioned taste aversion

(d) all of the above

20. Dr. Williams is interested in studying classical conditioning, but she feels that manipulating reflex-evoking USs in unethical. To work around Dr. Wil- liams’s ethical standards, she should use:

(a) evaluative conditioning

(b) eyeblink conditioning

(c) SCR measurement

(d) none of the above

21. One possible drawback to evaluative conditioning is:

(a) the reflexes studied are difficult to observe

(b) the SCRs that are to be evaluated can be painful to subjects

(c) the traditional CRs used with the procedure are too intense

(d) none of the above

22. Questions about evaluative conditioning have addressed

(a) whether or not this process is truly classical conditioning

(b) the consciousness status of preference changes

(c) researchers should utilize verbal data during this procedure

(d) all of the above32shapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21500,0);(0,0);(0,21500);(21500,21500)posrelh0posrelv0pibLearnin Theories

23. Unconditioned Stimuli:

(a) have no biological significance to an organism

(b) are neutral stimuli

(c) cannot have their significance acquired

(d) none of the above

24. Unconditioned Stimuli:

(a) can have a sensory element to them

(b) are devoid of emotional significance

(c) do not typically elicit specific reactions

(d) are unidimensional

25. Which of the following could serve as a (S?

(a) the passage of time since the most recent US

(b) a tone

(c) one’s external environment

(d) all of the above33shapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21500,0);(0,0);(0,21494);(21500,21494)posrelh0posrelv0pib

Written Assignment for Unit One

• Include your name, student number, course number, course title and unit number on each page of your written assignment (this is for your protection in case your materials become separated).

• Begin each written assignment by identifying the question number you are answering followed by the actual question itself (in bold type).

• Use a standard essay format for responses to all questions (i.e. an introduction, middle paragraphs and conclusion).

• Responses must be submitted as a MS Word Document only, typed double-spaced, using a standard font (i.e. Times New Roman) and 12 point type size. Word count is NOT one of the criteria that is used in assigning points to written assignments. However, students who are successful in earning the maximum number of points tend to submit written assignments that fall in the following

ranges: Undergraduate courses: 350 – 500 words or 1 – 2 pages. Graduate courses: 500 – 750 words or 2 – 3 pages. Doctoral courses: 750 – 1000 words or 4 – 5 pages. Plagiarism All work must be free of any form of plagiarism. Put written answers into your own words. Do not simply cut and paste your answers from the Internet and do not copy your answers from the textbook. Be sure to refer to the course Syllabus for more details on plagiarism and proper citation styles. Please answer ONE of the following:

1. Explain the steps and results that were revealed in Tolman and Honzick’s (1930) latent learning experiment.

2. Describe Basic and Applied Research and the similarities and differences of each.

3. List and describe the several parametric features of habituation that have been identified.

4. Describe the various methods of studying classical conditioning.34shapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21498,0);(0,0);(0,21493);(21498,21493)posrelh0posrelv0pibLearni TheoriesMultiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)

1. In the last 3 months, Mike never knows when he is going to get his allowance from his parents. He knows that he gets paid about every week, but sometimes his allowance comes 10 days after the previous one, sometimes only 4 days separate his allowance, while some payments come on a regular, 7-day rota- tion. The type of reinforcement schedule being used is a:

(a) variable interval

(b) fixed interval

(c) variable ratio

(d) fixed ratio

2. In a schedule, reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses.

(a) continuous reinforcement

(b) fixed ratio

(c) variable ratio

(d) fixed interval

3. An experimenter designs their experiment so that a reinforcer is delivered after a subject presses a bar in a Skinner box. To maximize conditioning, which delay interval (between the response and the delivery of the reinforcer) should be used?

(a) 1 second

(b) 2 second

(c) 4 second

(d) 8 second

4. The capacity to inhibit immediate gratification in preference for a larger re- ward in the long run is central to:

(a) secondary reinforcement

(b) self-control

(c) continuous reinforcement

(d) token reinforcement

5. The quickest way to reduce an organism’s biological need would be to use:

(a) secondary reinforcement

(b) self-control

(c) primary reinforcement

(d) token reinforcement

6. A teacher giving a student a coupon they can exchange for a pencil, candy, or other reward is an example of this type of reinforcement.64

(a) secondary and primary reinforcementshapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21497,0);(0,0);(0,21487);(21497,21487)posrelh0posrelv0pibLearni Theories65

(b) self-control and token reinforcement

(c) primary and token reinforcement

(d) secondary and token reinforcement

7. After getting a good grade on an exam, Julie’s mom gives Julie a big hug. The behavior of Julie’s mom in this situation could best be described as:

(a) secondary reinforcement

(b) social reinforcement

(c) primary reinforcement

(d) token reinforcement

8. Sales associates’ attempts to help customers are sometimes rewarded with sales. Though which customer will buy may be unpredictable, more attemptsshould produce more sales. Such a schedule would illustrate _reinforcement:

(a) variable interval

(b) variable ratio

(c) fixed ratio

(d) fixed interval

9. A reinforcer:

(a) only has its reinforcing qualities in its originally-used context

(b) does not always lead to satisfaction

(c) decreases the frequency of the operant response

(d) possesses transsituationality

10. Which of the following could occur within a participant during punishment training?

(a) aggression

(b) conditioned fear

(c) avoidance of the situation

(d) all of the above

11. Dr. Smith is trying to teach Billy to WANT to do his homework, because of the personal satisfaction that homework completion will bring to Billy. Dr. Smith is essentially trying to enhance Billy’s:

(a) extrinsic motivation

(b) intrinsic motivation

(c) latent learning

(d) biofeedback ability

12. A reward can interfere with a punisher when: (page 138)shapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21500,0);(0,0);(0,21493);(21500,21493)posrelh0posrelv0pibLearni Theories

(a) reward and punishment fail to arouse approach-avoidance conflict

(b) the punishment is not consistent

(c) the punishing event becomes a secondary positive reinforcer

(d) none of the above- rewards never interfere with punishment

13. After Susie runs away from her mother and into the street, she is almost hit by a passing car. Following this event, Susie’s mother punishes her for her behavior. Research shows that:

(a) Susie might continue to misbehave, in an even worse manner

(b) the punishment might have no effect on Susie

(c) both a and b

(d) neither a nor b

14. Self-Injurious Behavior tends to be treated with:

(a) reinforcement

(b) punishment

(c) aversion therapy

(d) learned helplessness

15. Skinner’s stance of the use of punishment in treating Self-Injurious Behavior (SIB) was that:

(a) it should not be done because it is immoral

(b) it should not be done because it only reinforces the punisher

(c) it should be done if it is brief, harmless, and contingent on SIB

(d) it should be done in an intense and painful way, in order to be effective in eliminating the SIB

16. Whenever Billy cries at the supermarket, his mom and dad buy him a candy bar, and find that with each trip to the store, Billy cries more and more. What is happening?

(a) Billy’s responses are generalizing

(b) negative reinforcement- Billy has learned that when he cries at the store, he gets a candy bar

(c) masochistic behavior

(d) none of the above- there is no relation between the candy bar and Billy’s behavior

17. Ernie’s car has an automatic transmission with the gear shift behind the steering wheel. Earlier today, however, he drove his mom’s car, which has its automatic transmission gear shift on the floor of the car. As he tried to drive his mom’s car out of her driveway, he reached for the gear shift behind the steering wheel, although it wasn’t there. Ernie’s behavior in this situation is illustrative of:66shapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21499,0);(0,0);(0,21493);(21499,21493)posrelh0posrelv0pibLearning Theories67

(a) retroactive interference

(b) proactive interference

(c) anchoring

(d) none of the above

18. As a result of taking this test today, you are having a difficult time recalling the material you studied yesterday, for a test in tomorrow’s calculus class. The memory deficit described here illustrates:(a) retroactive interference

(b) proactive interference

(c) anchoring

(d) remote associations

19. Response learning can be enhanced by:

(a) using meaningful response items

(b) using nonmeaningful response items

(c) the experimenter being vague

(d) responses having few associations

20. Which of the following can influence the degree to which items in a paired- associate learning task become connected to one another?

(a) prior knowledge

(b) preexisting associations I

c) cognitive elaboration

(d) all of the above

21. Dr. Smith gives his experimental subjects the words BOY and SKY to learn in a paired associate task. After presenting subjects with these two words, subjects must generate a sentence that uses both of the words. Dr. Smith’s methodology is studying the effect of which of the following processes on paired-associate learning?

(a) free recall

(b) cognitive elaboration

(c) memorization

(d) direction of associations

22. When presented with the stimulus word “BASKET” and asked for a response, Jody replies “BALL:’This response is typical of research looking into which aspect of paired associate learning?

(a) S-R mapping

(b) cognitive elaborationshapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21500,0);(0,0);(0,21487);(21500,21487)posrelh0posrelv0pibLearning Theories

(c) prior knowledge

(d) direction of associations68

23. Enhanced recall for information presented in an earlier (as opposed to later) portion of a word list is referred to as:

(a) the recency effect

(b) the primacy effect

(c) anchoring

(d) paired-associate learning

24. The existence of long-term memory can be said to be supported by the occur- rence of:

(a) the recency effect

(b) the primacy effect

(c) anchoring

(d) paired-associate learning

25. The idea that words from the same semantic category can be recalled togeth- er even if they were not presented as part of the same list is the core idea underlying:

(a) categorical clustering

(b) subjective organization

(c) associative clustering

(d) matrix recallshapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21500,0);(0,0);(0,21484);(21500,21484)posrelh0posrelv0pib

Written Assignment for Unit Two

• Include your name, student number, course number, course title and unit number on each page of your written assignment (this is for your protection in case your materials become separated).

• Begin each written assignment by identifying the question number you are answering followed by the actual question itself (in bold type).

• Use a standard essay format for responses to all questions (i.e. an introduction, middle paragraphs and conclusion).

• Responses must be submitted as a MS Word Document only, typed double-spaced, using a standard font (i.e. Times New Roman) and 12 point type size. Word count is NOT one of the criteria that is used in assigning points to written assignments, However, students who are successful in earning the maximum number of points tend to submit written assignments that fall in the following ranges:

Undergraduate courses: 350 – 500 words or 1 – 2 pages. Graduate courses: 500 – 750 words or 2 – 3 pages. Doctoral courses: 750 – 1000 words or 4 – 5 pages. Plagiarism All work must be free of any form of plagiarism. Put written answers into your own words. Do not simply cut and paste your answers from the Internet and do not copy your answers from the textbook. Be sure to refer to the course Syllabus for more details on plagiarism and proper citation styles. Please answer ONE of the following:

1. At the start of the 20th century, Edward Lee Thorndike was one of the first researchers to investigate instrumental learning. Explain the research he conducted.

2. Describe the major criticism of the use of reinforcement in learning.

3. Describe the major components of avoidance learning and the theories that offer an explanation of it.

4. Describe the work and research done by scientist Herman Ebbinghaus.69shapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21498,0);(0,0);(0,21493);(21498,21493)posrelh0posrelv0pibLearni TheoriesMultiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)

1. You are asked “Who was the first president of the United States?”To answer this question, you would most likely have to retrieve information from:

(a) short-term memory

(b) semantic memory

(c) episodic memory

(d) procedural memory

2. You are asked “Where were you on 9/1 1 ?” To answer this question, you would most likely have to retrieve information from:

(a) short-term memory

(b) semantic memory

(c) episodic memory

(d) procedural memory

3. The finding that certain amnesiacs have impaired episodic LTM but preserved semantic LTM (or vice-versa) suggests that:

(a) LTM is always damaged in amnesia

(b) STM is always damaged in amnesia

(c) episodic and semantic LTM are distinct from one another

(d) doctors don’t really understand the disease

4. This anomalous forgetting phenomenon describes when a person thinks they have come up with an original idea, only to realize later it was suggested by someone else.

(a) cryptomnesia

(b) deja vu

(c) fugue reaction

(d) none of the above

5. Which of the following is NOT known to produce memory loss?

(a) electroconvulsive therapy

(b) an unusual word appearing in the middle of a list of other words

(c) the inducing of frustration in infants

(d) none of the above99shapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21500,0);(0,0);(0,21493);(21500,21493)posrelh0posrelv0pibLearni Theories100

6. The answer to which of the following questions would most likely involve acti- vation of the mechanism(s) behind implicit memory?

(a) “When did you graduate from high school?”

(b) “When is your birthday?”

(c) “How do you drive a stick shift vehicle?”

(d) “Where were you on 9/11?”

7. Implicit Memory: Explicit Memory as Unconscious:

(a) Inactive

(b) Indirect

(c) Conscious

(d) Retention

8. A test that makes direct reference to a prior episode is most likely assessing:

(a) incidental memory

(b) implicit memory

(c) working memory

(d) explicit memory

9. Mary’s knowledge of how to drive a car is most likely originating from her:

(a) explicit memory

(b) procedural memory

(c) episodic memory

(d) semantic memory

10. Which of the following features has been identified as being a critical charac- teristic of STM?

(a) unlimited capacity

(b) lack of potential for forgetting

(c) stores items verbally

(d) acoustic encoding

11. According to the word-length-effect, which of the following words has the best chance of being recalled correctly?

(a) INCARCERATION

(b) THOUGHTFULNESS

(c) TIRE

(d) MOUNTAINSshapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21500,0);(0,0);(0,21493);(21500,21493)posrelh0posrelv0pibLearni Theories

12. The ability to recall, in order of presentation, which of the following number of items from a sequence of items, as indicative of a normal adult memory span:

(a) 12

(b) 4

(c) 7

(d) 2

13. The suffix effect tends to:

(a) enhance recall of recently-presented information

(b) enhance recall of information presented 24 hours or more prior to recall

(c) diminish recall of recently-presented information

(d) diminish recall of information presented 24 hours or more prior to recall

14. The impairment in patient K.F. suggests that:

(a) one needs STM to get information into LTM

(b) STM is not necessary for the transfer of information into LTM

(c) LTM has a limited capacity

(d) STM actually has an unlimited capacity

15. Which is NOT listed in your text (Box 8.2) as a condition which can cause memory loss?

(a) Lyme disease

(b) toxic poisoning from bad shellfish

(c) alcohol poisoning

(d) all of the above can cause memory loss

16. Emotional events are highly recallable because:

(a) they tend to be non-distinctive, inhibiting interference from external factors

(b) they allow our attention to wander

(c) they involve unconscious, but not conscious, memory processes

(d) the bodily arousal occurring with emotions enhances memory formation

17. According to McCarthy and Warrington (1990) which of the following is NOT a purpose of short term memory?

(a) familiarity

(b) problem solving

(c) language comprehension

(d) gateway to long-term memory101shapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21499,0);(0,0);(0,21487);(21499,21487)posrelh0posrelv0pibLearning Theories102,

18. High amounts of domain-specific knowledge can lead to the development of:

(a) novice ability

(b) expert ability

(c) implicit memory

(d) procedural memory,

19. The testing effect produces the effect it does because:

(a) testing is less challenging than continued studying

(b) transfer-appropriate processing mechanisms are engaged

(c) testing is not connected to studying

(d) none of the above

20. Of all of the lectures in his Introductory Economics class, Tom remembers the class about global economics best because the teacher wore all of his clothes backwards and inside-out. The teachers was seemingly trying to en- courage:

(a) maintenance rehearsal

(b) the recency effect

(c) the formation of an implicit memory

(d) the von Restorff effect

21. One reason why textbooks place critical terms in bold-face is due to the premises of:

(a) maintenance rehearsal

(b) the recency effect

(c) the formation of an implicit memory

(d) the von Restorff effect

22. The enhanced recall of distinctive items, and the impaired recall of informa- tion presented just prior to the distinctive stimuli, is referred to as:

(a) the anterograde amnesic effect

(b) the retrograde amnesic effect

(c) the von Restorff effect

(d) the recency effect

23. The occurrence of distinctive stimuli impairing the recall of information pre- sented after the distinctive items is referred to as:

(a) the anterograde amnesic effect

(b) the retrograde amnesic effectshapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21496,0);(0,0);(0,21487);(21496,21487)posrelh0posrelv0pibLearning Theories103

(c) the von Restorff effect

(d) the recency effect

24. At the beginning of yesterday’s sociology class, Dr. Smith showed highly suggestive pictures of men and women to illustrate the different formsthat pornography can take. After this 5-minute slide show, Dr. Smith gave a 45-minute lecture of pornography and modern society. However, immediately after the class ended, the students had no memory of the lecture– all they could recall were the sexually explicit photographs shown at the start of class. This impaired memory is illustrative of:

(a) the anterograde amnesic effect

(b) the retrograde amnesic effect

(c) the von Restorff effect

(d) the recency effect

25. The spacing effect suggests that:

(a) massed practice is better than distributed practice

(b) distributed practice is better than massed practice

(c) massed and distributed practice are equal in their utility

(d) none of the aboveshapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21500,0);(0,0);(0,21494);(21500,21494)posrelh0posrelv0pib

Written Assignment for Unit Three

• Include your name, student number, course number, course title and unit number on each page of your written assignment (this is for your protection in case your materials become separated).

• Begin each written assignment by identifying the question number you are answering followed by the actual question itself (in bold type).

• Use a standard essay format for responses to all questions (i.e. an introduction, middle paragraphs and conclusion).

• Responses must be submitted as a MS Word Document only, typed double-spaced, using a standard font (i.e. Times New Roman) and 12 point type size. Word count is NOT one of the criteria that is used in assigning points to written assignments. However, students who are successful in earning the maximum number of points tend to submit written assignments that fall in the following ranges:

Undergraduate courses: 350 – 500 words or 1 – 2 pages. Graduate courses: 500 – 750 words or 2 – 3 pages. Doctoral courses: 750 – 1000 words or 4 – 5 pages. Plagiarism All work must be free of any form of plagiarism. Put written answers into your own words. Do not simply cut and paste your answers from the Internet and do not copy your answers from the textbook. Be sure to refer to the course Syllabus for more details on plagiarism and proper citation styles. Please answer ONE of the following:

1. List and explain the different classifications of Amnesias.

2. Describe the early studies of short term and long term memory. What was found in these studies?

3. Explain the importance of the Brown-Peterson task and the steps involved in it.

4. Describe and list the major components of schemas.104shapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21498,0);(0,0);(0,21493);(21498,21493)posrelh0posrelv0pibLearning Theories Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)

1. If a typical person is told to/Name a type of mammal which of the follow- ing responses would be LEAST likely to be named?

(a) dog

(b) cat

(c) whale

(d) horse

2. When retrieving the concept CAR, the concept SPEEDING TICKET is also retrieved. What is the name of the concept that most directly explains why these two ideas are recalled together?

(a) priming

(b) prosopagnosia

(c) association/ spreading of activation

(d) procedural memory

3. Adam is trying to remember information for his psychology exam, but similar information that he studied in sociology is also being retrieved, interfering with his thinking process. This interference is most similar to:

(a) priming

(b) the fan effect

(c) spreading of activation

(d) procedural memory

4. Ever since his car accident, Joe has difficulty remembering what his friends do for a living, although he can remember their names. This dysfunction is evidence for:

(a) the modularity of episodic memory

(b) the modularity of semantic memory

(c) the formation of an implicit memory

(d) the validity of spreading of activation

5. An early, but ultimately incorrect, approach to understanding the biology of memory was:

(a) the modularity approach

(b) long-term potentiation

(c) the formation of memory molecules

(d) all of the above134shapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21498,0);(0,0);(0,21487);(21498,21487)posrelh0posrelv0pibLearning Theories135

6. Remembering that improves over successive attempts at reproduction of the studied material is:

(a) hypermnesia

(b) encoding specificity

(c) distinctiveness(d) none of the above

7. Motor skill learning has qualities that make it illustrative of:

(a) procedural learning

(b) declarative memory

(c) neither a or b

(d) both a and b

8. As Melanie sits in class paying attention to the new material being presented by her professor, this information, in its unconsolidated state, is likely being processed in which storage system?

(a) sensory memory

(b) short-term memory

(c) long-term memory

(d) implicit memory

9. One study on remembering knowledge learned in school assessed learning 4and 11 months after completion of a course. Grades fell about onthe delayed tests.

(a) 10

(b) 20

(c) 50

(d) none of the above,

10. After practicing all summer long, Madison has finally learned how to make a baseball curve when she throws it. This ability can best be described as:

(a) implicit learning

(b) spatial learning

(c) stimulus-response learning

(d) motor skill learningshapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21499,0);(0,0);(0,21487);(21499,21487)posrelh0posrelv0pibLearni Theories136

11. Tommy has been running the 1-mile race for his track team for the past 5 years. His best times in each of the past 5 years, respectively, have been 5:30,5:02,4:40,4:30, and 4:25. Assuming his training proceeds accord- ing to plan, which of the following times should he be capable of running this year, according to the power law?

(a) 3:59

(b) 4:02

(c) 4:23

(d) 4:10

12. The power law focuses on the relationship between motor skills learning and:

(a) practice

(b) feedback

(c) motivation

(d) strength

13. Louie spent 4 hours yesterday afternoon learning how to ride a new ail-ter- rain vehicle, and had his competence tested over an obstacle course. He completed the course, but made 7 driving errors while on the course. After getting a good night’s rest (and without additional driving practice), Louie returned to the course today and completed it with only 2 errors. This skill improvement is best referred to as:

(a) implicit learning

(b) practice independent learning

(c) practice dependent learning

(d) massed practice

14. Janet is learning how to type, in the context of a single-session lab-based psychology experiment. To maximize typing performance in this context, the best type of feedback should be delivered how soon after each typing trial?

(a) 1 minute

(b) 1 hour

(c) immediately

(d) 10 minutes.

15. The self-guidance hypothesis suggests that:

(a) frequent feedback is the best way to improve motor skills

(b) delayed feedback allows one to learn how to correct their own errors

(c) delayed feedback inhibits motor skill learning

(d) people can guide themselves when learning a motor skill-feedback is not necessaryshapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21500,0);(0,0);(0,21500);(21500,21500)posrelh0posrelv0pibLearni Theories

16. Which individual is likely to show the best classical conditioning ability?

(a) a 27-yearold

(b) a 7-year-old

(c) a z-year-old

(d) a 72-year-old

17. Prenatal classical conditioning involves:

(a) exposing a child to a CS and US immediately after birth

(b) testing for a conditioned response at 1 month, and then 1 year, after birth

(c) exposing a fetus to CS-US pairings

(d) none of the above

18. Identical twins tend to show similar memory ability on tasks involving:

(a) short-term memory

(b) digit span

(c) sensory memory

(d) associative memory

19. Episodic memories can be assessed during infancy by using:

(a) classical conditioning

(b) habituation

(c) dishabituation

(d) none of the above

20. Childhood amnesia may be the result of:

(a) prenatal exposure to alcohol

(b) enhanced hippocampal activity during the first year of life

(c) well-formed meta memory skills

(d) diminished memory capacity during infancy, compared to adulthood

21. Very young children tend to rely on data to encode information, whereas older children and adults utilize data during encoding.

(a) sensory; motor

(b) sensory; verbal

(c) verbal; motor

(d) motor; sensory137shapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21497,0);(0,0);(0,21493);(21497,21493)posrelh0posrelv0pibLearning Theories138

22. Cindy, a 6-year-old, is presented with several random strings of letters to commit to memory. Which of the following strings is she most likely to re- member in the correct order?

(a) RQY

(b) BHFZP

(c) MPLSTGX

(d) WYZDHLPMT

23. Developmental disabilities may be caused by:

(a) birth defects

(b) head injury

(c) malnutrition

(d) all of the above

24. In a l-roorn schoolhouse with students of all ages, Mr. Smith notices that some of his students are taking notes about what is being discussed in class, whereas others are not. Which of the following students would be most likely to be one of the students taking notes?

(a) Joe, a 5-year-old boy

(b) Jen, a 6-year-old girl

(c) Victor, a s-year-old boy

(d) Rhonda, a 12-year-old girl

25. Dr. Marie has a 23-year-old female patient that is having problems with her spatial memory. Giving this patient an estrogen supplement to boost her memory will likely have what effect on her memory dysfunction?

(a) it will eliminate it

(b) it will make it worse

(c) it will have no long term impact

(d) it will make her smartershapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21500,0);(0,0);(0,21494);(21500,21494)posrelh0posrelv0pib

Written Assignment for Unit Four

• Include your name, student number, course number, course title and unit number on each page of your written assignment (this is for your protection in case your materials become separated).

• Begin each written assignment by identifying the question number you are answering followed by the actual question itself (in bold type).

• Use a standard essay format for responses to all questions (i.e. an introduction, middle paragraphs and conclusion).

• Responses must be submitted as a MS Word Document only, typed double-spaced, using a standard font (i.e. Times New Roman) and 12 point type size. Word count is NOT one of the criteria that is used in assigning points to written assignments. However, students who are successful in earning the maximum number of points tend to submit written assignments that fall in the following ranges: Undergraduate courses: 350 – 500 words or 1 – 2 pages.

Graduate courses: 500 – 750 words or 2 – 3 pages. Doctoral courses: 750 – 1000 words or 4 – 5 pages. Plagiarism All work must be free of any form of plagiarism. Put written answers into your own words. Do not simply cut and paste your answers from the Internet and do not copy your answers from the textbook. Be sure to refer to the course Syllabus for more details on plagiarism and proper citation styles. Please answer ONE of the following:

1. Describe the several factors that playa role in episodic retrieval.

2. Describe several general factors that are critical to understand when studying spatial memory.

3. Describe the differences in cognitive abilities between men and women.

4. The different manners in which individuals approach the acquisition of knowledge are referred to as learning styles, and some research has suggested that understanding different learning styles may help to maximize individuals’ learning experiences. Describe some examples of different learning styles.139

Publisher:

Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

PSY380

PERSONALITY TH EORI ES

Text: Theories of Personality: Understanding Persons5th Edition, 2008ISBN: 0-13-243409-1 /978-0-13-243409-6Authors:Susan C. CloningershapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21499,0);(0,0);(0,21487);(21499,21487)posrelh0posrelv0pibPersona TheoriesMultiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)

1) Personality theories are tested using the method.

A) scientific

B) intuitive

C) clinical

D) idiographic

2) Which of the following illustrates a theoretical proposition?

A) Aggression includes verbal behavior (e.g., insulting someone) as well as physi-cal behavior (e.g., hitting someone).

B) Frustration can be produced by a malfunctioning soda machine.

C) Frustration is a subjective experience.

D) Frustration leads to aggression.

3) Theoretical constructs which are defined too vaguely lack

A) heuristic value.

B) precision.

C) parsimony.

D) verifiability.

4) A researcher decides to see how consistent a new personality test is by com- puting two scores. One score is the total of the odd-numbered items. The other score is the total of the even-numbered items. What is the researcher assess- ing?

A) test-retest reliability

B) validity

C) split-half reliability

D) alternate forms reliability

5) Which approach to reliability can be used if subjects are tested on only one occasion, using only one test?

A) alternate forms reliability

B) test-retest reliability

C) split half reliability

D) No reliability tests are possible with only one testing session.

6) Direct self-report measures of personality

A) are seldom used.

B) are valid even when subjects intentionally give false responses.

C) always measure several personality traits simultaneously.

D) are often reliable.43shapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21497,0);(0,0);(0,21487);(21497,21487)posrelh0posrelv0pibPersona Theories44

7) A researcher is interested in testing the proposition that being in a good mood causes increased cooperation among children at school. This can be tested by conducting an experiment in which the dependent variable is

A) mood.

B) cooperation.

C) being in school.

D) age.

8) Psychobiography is different from case studies because psychobiography has more emphasis on

A) pathology.

B) experimental methods.

C) the individual.

D) theoretical considerations.

9) The dependent variable corresponds to what a researcher thinks is the

A) cause.

B) third variable.

C) uncontrollable factor.

D) effect.

10) Freud’s theory challenged our trust in

A) hypnosis.

B) science.

C) therapy.

D) conscious experience.

11) A”Freudian slip”is caused by

A) unconscious wishes.

B) catharsis.

C) childhood trauma.

D) dreams.

12) Which kind of person is most likely to deal with impulses through sublima- tion?

A) a creative artist

B) a child

C) a neurotic

D) a psychoticshapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21500,0);(0,0);(0,21493);(21500,21493)posrelh0posrelv0pibPersonal Theories45

13) Optimism, passivity, and dependency are characteristic of the

A) oral character.

B) latent character.

C) phallic character.

D) anal character.

14) Before he abandoned the seduction hypothesis, Freud believed that psychiat- ric maladjustment in his female patients was caused by

A) seduction of children by strangers.

B) excessive talk about adult sexuality in the presence of children.

C) fear of sexual temptations.

D) incest between daughters and their fathers.

15) Most experts agree that recovered memories of sexual abuse are

A) accurate for female victims but not for male victims.

B) inaccurate in many cases.

C) accurate for male victims but not for female victims.

D) almost always accurate.

16) The archetypes that are closest to consciousness are

A) the Hero and the Trickster.

B) the Great Mother and the Spiritual Father.

C) the Shadow and the Anima (or Animus).

D) the Mandala and the Self.

17) Jung understood religious symbolism in terms of

A) the persona.

B) the diffusion hypothesis.

C) the personal unconscious.

D) the collective unconscious.

18) Jung dreamt of “looking up at” a patient whom he had been viewing with little respect. This dream was interpreted (in the text) according to the principle of

A) amplification.

B) individuation.

C) compensation.

D) synchronicity.shapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21500,0);(0,0);(0,21487);(21500,21487)posrelh0posrelv0pibPersona Theories46

19) People whose psychic energy tends to “flow outward’toward external realityare types.

A) intuitive

B) extraverted

C) sensation

D) feeling

20) Jungian psychological types have been found to influence people’s behavior in

A) eyewitness testimony.

B) business.

C) education.

D) all of the above

21) In his explanation of the concept of organ inferiority, Adler emphasized

A) determinism.

B) the subjective experience of the child.

C) the inheritance of personality.

D) the impact of physical limitations on the development of intelligence.

22) The unknown part of a person’s fictionally final goal is

A) irrelevant to psychological functioning.

B) the unconscious.

e) likely to cause emotional problems.

D) repressed because of painful childhood experiences.

23) According to Adler, the most important determinant of personality is

A) parental behavior.

B) birth order.

e) biological factors.

0) a person’s own choices.

24) What do Adlerians offer parents?

A) the threat of lawsuits

B) legal options

e) sympathy

0) training programsshapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21497,0);(0,0);(0,21487);(21497,21487)posrelh0posrelv0pibPersona Theories47

25) Adler’s major criterion for psychological health is

A) high achievement in school.

B) the absence of anxiety.

C) social interest.

D) creativity.shapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21500,0);(0,0);(0,21493);(21500,21493)posrelh0posrelv0pibPersona Theories

Written Assignment for Unit OneBe sure to refer to the course syllabus for instructions on format, length, and other information on how to complete this assignment.Please answer ONE of the following:

1) Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of psychobiography as an approach to understanding personality.

2) How was Jung’s understanding of the unconscious different from that of Freud?

3) Describe a mentally healthy personality, according to Adler.

48shapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21499,0);(0,0);(0,21487);(21499,21487)posrelh0posrelv0pibPersonal TheoriesMultiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)

1) Erikson’s basic principle for understanding development was the _principle.

A) compensatory

B) epigenetic

C) conflict

D) self-actualization

2) According to Erikson’s epigenetic principle,

A) some people are more gifted, genetically, than others.

B) people get what they deserve out of life.

C) males and females are different because of their biology.

D) development proceeds according to a biologically-based plan, with sequential development of parts.

3) According to Erikson’s theory, the sense of is particularly likely tointerfere with an individual’s initiative.

A) mistrust

B) shame

C) guilt

D) despair

4) In Erikson’s third psychosocial stage, the child acts in a(n) mode.

A) intrusive

B) incorporative

C) incompetent

0) selfish

5) Culture’s “ideal prototypes” support the ego strength of

A) initiative.

B) identity.

C) fidelity.

0) autonomy.

6) Individual rituals that are defensive, such as obsessive hand-washing, arecalled by Erikson.

A) ritualisms

B) ideal prototypes

C) compulsions

0) moratoria102shapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21496,0);(0,0);(0,21493);(21496,21493)posrelh0posrelv0pib103

7) Erikson described girls as more concerned with than boys.

A) aggression

B) conflict

C) inner space

0) building

8) According to Horney, the two most important emotions in infancy which help understand later development are

A) fear and love.

B) hope and trust.

C) anxiety and hostility.

0) depression and joy.

9) In Horney’s view, a neurotic person is alienated from the self.

A) real

B) actual

C) idealized

0) physical

10) Horney described some people as over-valuing the idealized self. The term forthis is “the tyranny of the “

A) shoulds

B) conscience

C) idealized self

0) neurotic ideal

11) According to Horney, differences between men and women are

A) primarily due to biological causes.

B) not very great, when we really get to know people.

C) primarily due to lack of communication.

0) primarily due to cultural forces.

12) Research with parents and children, using Ainsworth’s strategy of observing infants in the presence of a stranger,

A) shows that all infants are frightened of strangers.

B) shows that infants raised by neurotic parents prefer a stranger to their biologi- cal mothers.

C) disconfirms Horney’s theory.

0) is consistent with Horney’s theory.shapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21498,0);(0,0);(0,21493);(21498,21493)posrelh0posrelv0pibPersonal Theories104

13) Which interpersonal orientation(s) does a healthy person use, according to Horney?

A) moving toward, against, and away

B) moving against, but not toward or away

C) moving away, but not toward or against

0) moving toward, but not against or away

14) Allport defined personality as “the within the individual of thosepsychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to the environ- ment:’

A) development

B) dynamic organization

C) existence

0) nurturance

15) Which of the following is not a value measured by the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values?

A) Academic

B) Aesthetic

C) Religious

0) Theoretical

16) Which way of describing George best illustrates Allport’s concept of central traits?

A) George is not like anyone else I know.

B) George is a typical Englishman.

C) George is like a lamb; he is very meek.

0) George is intelligent, ambitious, deceptive, good-looking, friendly, athletic, and selfish.

17) Secondary traits describe ways in which

A) people try to get their own way in competitive settings.

B) people are inferior to others.

C) personality can be measured by questionnaire.

0) people are consistent, but in ways that affect few behaviors.shapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21496,0);(0,0);(0,21493);(21496,21493)posrelh0posrelv0pib105

18) According to psychoanalysis, people are motivated by experiences in their past. Which concept from Allport contrasts with this view?

A) central traits

B) habits

C) extrinsic orientation

D) functional autonomy

19) Cattell classified projective tests, such as the Rorschach inkblot test, as

A) Q-data.

B) L-data.

C) T-data.

D) D-data.

20) The Culture Fair Intelligence Test is designed to measure

A) the impact of culture on intelligence.

B) race differences in intelligence.

C) fluid intelligence.

D) crystallized intelligence.

21) Constitutional, dynamic source traits such as anger, curiosity, and fear are called

A) sentiments.

B) metaergs.

C) ergs.

D) attitudes.

22) The Big Five model

A) offers a therapy approach.

B) explains personality.

C) describes personality.

D) all of the above

23) The best way to raise a child who has an inhibited temperament, in order to produce a well-adapted personality, is to

A) encourage the child to explore the environment and give warnings when ap-propriate.

B) provide strict discipline.

C) continue setting high standards for the child to achieve.

D) do not interfere with the child’s innate tendencies.shapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21499,0);(0,0);(0,21493);(21499,21493)posrelh0posrelv0pibPersona Theories106

24) The term that refers to a person’s inherited genetic profile is

A) genotype.

B) temperament.

C) genome.

0) phenotype.

25) The fundamental assumption of evolutionary approaches is that

A) genetic variations that enhance reproductive success will become more fre-quent over generations as a result of natural selection.

B) males are superior to females.

C) experience does not influence personality.

0) biology influences physical but not behavioral characteristics.shapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21500,0);(0,0);(0,21487);(21500,21487)posrelh0posrelv0pibPersonal Theories

Written Assignment for Unit Two Be sure to refer to this course syllabus for instructions on format, length, and other information on how to complete this assignment. Please answer ONE of the following:

1) Select one of Erikson’s first four stages of development. What crisis occursat that stage? What ego strength develops? How does culture support that ego strength?

2) Explain what Horney meant by”womb envy:’

3) What did Allport believe about the consistency of personality?107shapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21496,0);(0,0);(0,21493);(21496,21493)posrelh0posrelv0pibTheories151Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)

1) An important variable that Skinner studied was

A) love.

B) the rate of responding.

C) physiological responses.

D) social attitudes.

2) Skinner invented a device for studying learning. What was it called?

A) the lever

B) the Skinner box

C) the paired associate device

D) the memory drum

3) Punishment

A) influences only the behavior that is punished.

B) reduces the frequency of behavior.

C) was recommended by Skinner as a means of controlling behavior.

D) all of the above

4) Instead of spanking a child for using obscene language, Skinner would recom- mend

A) reasoning with the child about appropriate behavior.

B) using even worse language, so the child can hear how terrible it sounds.

C) reinforcing the child for using desirable language.

D) washing the child’s mouth out with soap.

5) Matthew has learned to tease his little sister, Jane. When he first meets his cousin, Sarah, he teases her, too. What learning concept best explains this teasing of Sarah?

A) negative reinforcement

B) generalization

C) ratio schedule reinforcement

D) discriminationshapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21497,0);(0,0);(0,21493);(21497,21493)posrelh0posrelv0pibPersonal Theories152

6) Every response is reinforced in a schedule.

A) partial

B) continuous

C) ratio

D) interval

7) Which schedule is known for producing “scalloped” records of responses, in which periods of slow responding alternate with period of rapid responding?

A) variable interval schedules

B) variable ratio schedules

C) fixed interval schedules

D) fixed ratio schedules

8) Staats advanced behavioral theory by

A) translating personality concepts into behavioral language.

B) showing the difference between positive reinforcement and negative reinforce- ment.

C) developing a more advanced Skinner box.

D) being the first behaviorist to study humans.

9) According to Staats, stimuli that elicit emotional responses

A) can be effective for punishment, but not for positive reinforcement.

B) function as reinforcers for new learning.

C) are not suitable to use as reinforcers for children.

D) all of the above

10) Miller and Dollard suggested that “in order to learn, one must -‘ no-tice something, do something, and get something:’

A) want something

B) see something

C) avoid something

D) have somethingshapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21496,0);(0,0);(0,21493);(21496,21493)posrelh0posrelv0pibPersona Theories153

11) Which of the following best defines a cue in the sense that Dollard and Miller used the term?

A) a vague idea about what is desired

B) the reward for a behavior

C) distinctive stimuli that a person notices at the time of behavior

D) an ordered list of possible responses

12) Which of the following can be a reward, in Dollard and Miller’s theory?

A) approval

B) money

C) food

D) all of the above

13) In the third stage of child development, according to Dollard and Miller, a child is often punished for

A) wetting the bed.

B) poor eating habits.

C) masturbation.

D) messiness.

14) Anxiety is most likely to be experienced in an approach-avoidance conflict if

A) the avoidance gradient is always higher than the approach gradient.

B) the approach gradient crosses the avoidance gradient, and the person is very far from the goal.

C) the approach gradient crosses the avoidance gradient, and the person is at the point where the two gradients cross.

D) the approach gradient is always higher than the avoidance gradient.

15) There are two ways Jane can get to school. If she walks, unfriendly dogs will bark at her. If she rides the bus, the school bully will pull her braids. What kind of conflict is she experiencing?

A) avoidance-avoidance conflict

B) double approach-avoidance conflict

C) approach-avoidance conflict

D) approach-approach conflictshapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21499,0);(0,0);(0,21493);(21499,21493)posrelh0posrelv0pibPersona Theories154

16) Despite numerous physical difficulties, artist Frida Kahlo believed she could be successful in her work. This is called

A) cognitive bias

B) self-efficacy

C) collective efficacy

D) id inflation

17) According to Mischel, traits behavior.

A) predict

B) cause

C) contradict

D) describe

18) “If Jerry is shouting now, he may soon hit sorneone.This is an example of a

A) stimulus-outcome expectancy

B) prototype

C) self-efficacy expectancy

D) behavior-outcome expectancy

19) Self-efficacy has been found to help treatment programs for

A) weight loss.

B) phobias.

C) AIDS prevention.

D) all of the above

20)A person high in self-efficacy

A) is high in overall intelligence.

B) believes he or she can act effectively in a situation.

C) is healthy.

D) is popular.

21) Kelly proposed a metaphor of man as

A) creator.

B) scientist.

C) zookeeper.

D) architect.shapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21500,0);(0,0);(0,21493);(21500,21493)posrelh0posrelv0pibPersona Theories155

22) The range of convenience of a construct describes

A) the extent to which the construct is adaptive in a person’s life.

B) the age at which the construct was formed.

C) the likelihood that the construct will change.

D) the events to which the construct applies.

23) One sign of good mental health is

A) having many concrete constructs.

B) slot movement.

C) having dichotomous constructs.

D) cognitive complexity.

24) Compared to threat, fear is concerned with constructs.

A) incidental

B) interpersonal

C) comprehensive

D) physical

25) Linda tends to think about alternatives for too long, without making a choiceabout how to act in a situation. She should work on the stage of theC -P-C cycle.

A) first

B) third

C) second

D) none of the aboveshapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21497,0);(0,0);(0,21493);(21497,21493)posrelh0posrelv0pibPersonal Theories

Written Assignment for Unit ThreeBe sure to refer to this course syllabus for instructions on format, length, and other information on how to complete this assignment. Please answer ONE of the following:

1) Explain Skinner’s objection to mentalistic ideas such as “intention:’

2) How does psychological behaviorism explain adjustment and maladjustment?

3) Explain Dollard and Miller’s concept of an approach-avoidance conflict. Give a hypothetical example.156shapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21499,0);(0,0);(0,21500);(21499,21500)posrelh0posrelv0pibPersonal TheoriesMultiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)

1) Rogers regarded the fundamental motivation to be

A) sexual needs.

B) interpersonal needs.

C) the actualizing tendency.

0) the need for security.

2) Rogers described a force for growth in all of nature. He called this the

A) formative tendency

B) anti-entropy tendency

C) self-actualizing tendency

0) actualizing tendency

3) Which of the following was not one of the characteristics of a fully functioning person listed by Rogers?

A) existential living

B) openness to experience

C) creativity

0) social interest

4) Unconditional positive regard means loving someone _

A) regard less of that person’s behavior

B) because you yourself feel loved

C) unwisely

0) without considering the consequences

5) When therapists from the majority white culture are counseling minority cli-ents, there are often difficulties with according to the text.

A) unconditional positive regard

B) empathic understanding

C) payment

0) congruence197shapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21499,0);(0,0);(0,21493);(21499,21493)posrelh0posrelv0pibPersonal Theories198

6) According to research on Rogerian therapy, the correlation between the real self and the ideal self

A) decreases after therapy.

B) increases after therapy.

e) is unaffected by therapy.

0) is not a useful measure.

7) The leader of an encounter group is called a

A) “facilitator:’

B) “resource person:’

e) “leader:’

0) “trainer:’

8) “Satellite relationships” are

A) unhealthy dependent relationships among family members.

B) relationships with people other than the spouse or primary partner, sometimes involving sexual intimacy.

e) a primary example of Rogers’s influence on organizational development.

0) consulting relationships with another therapist, to get a second opinion.

9) Rogers suggested that political tensions could be reduced through

A) encounter groups.

B) economic cooperation.

e) providing political leaders with psychotherapy.

0) better education.

10) Maslow’s vision of “Taoist Science” emphasizes

A) the separation of the observer and the subject.

B) control of experimental error.

e) objectivity.

0) love and respect for the subject matter.shapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21499,0);(0,0);(0,21500);(21499,21500)posrelh0posrelv0pib199

11) The need to be all that you can be, to fulfill all your potentials, is typical ofthe level of the need hierarchy.

A) second

B) fourth

C) third

0) fifth

12) Which of the following is listed by Maslow as a characteristic of self-actual- ized people?

A) need for privacy

B) intelligence

C) career success

0) many friends

13) Which of the following is characteristic of self-actualized people, according to Maslow?

A) firm belief in the values of their society

B) rejection of sexual needs

C) spontaneity

0) a sense that life is highly predictable

14) Maslow’s need hierarchy theory helps us understand

A) why consumers sometimes pay more for prestigious versions of products.

B) why economically secure people sometimes turn to the arts and education.

C) why consumers choose some products over others.

0) all of the above

15)The term “positive psychology” refers to

A) a current emphasis in psychology on subjective experience and psychologicalhealth.

B) all the empirically verified findings within psychology.

C) a philosophical position that emphasizes scientific observation.

0) political activism in favor of increased funding for psychological research.shapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21498,0);(0,0);(0,21493);(21498,21493)posrelh0posrelv0pibPersona Theories

16) The Dalai Lama has achieved a higher stage of consciousness by following the Eightfold path. Buddhists call this status

A) actualization.

B) self-actualization.

C) ego-integrity.

D) enlightenment.

17) is defined as any form of spiritual practice.

A) Guru

B) Karma

C) Yoga

D) Koan

18) The story of the blind men touching different parts of an elephant andeach concluding it is a different animal demonstrates the potential problemsof _

A) meditation

B) perception

C) yoga

D) sensation

19) The method of achieving an end of suffering described in the Fourth Noble Truth is called

A) detachment.

B) meditation.

C) the Eightfold Path.

D) thought-action orientation.

20) Research has demonstrated that meditation improves

A) vocabulary.

B) mathematical ability.

C) perceptual attention.

D) musical ability.200shapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21500,0);(0,0);(0,21487);(21500,21487)posrelh0posrelv0pibPersona Theories201

21) Which of the following theorists was more concerned with personality health than with pathology?A) Freud

B) Maslow

C) Horney

D) all of the above

22) Regarding cultural diversity, your text concludes that

A) Researchers are unaware of the problem of cultural bias in personality theory.

B) the theories presented in the text are valid in all cultures.

C) further exploration is needed to determine the extent of cultural bias in the theories presented.

D) some of the theories presented are culturally biased; others are free of cultural bias.

23) When adult personality does not change

A) it may be that situational pressures contribute to stability (for example, be- cause of the similarity of adults to their spouses).

B) it proves the greater importance of childhood experience in determining per- sonality.

C) it proves that strong inner stability makes a person resistant to environmental pressures to change.

D) it is clear that environment does not influence adult personality.

24) Emergent determinism suggests that

A) personality emerges from a social context, without which it cannot be under- stood.

B) basic physiological drives, represented in the nervous system, determine per- sonality.

C) higher order mental processes have a causal role in personality.

D) ultimately, personality is determined by environmental factors.

25) Which of the following has been proposed as evidence of a healthy personal- ity?

A) rigidity

B) integration or unity

C) conflict

D) all of the aboveshapeType75fBehindDocument1pWrapPolygonVertices8;4;(21499,0);(0,0);(0,21493);(21499,21493)posrelh0posrelv0pibPersonaes202

Written Assignment for Unit FourBe sure to refer to this course syllabus for instructions on format, length, and other information on how to complete this assignment. Please answer ONE of the following:

1 )List and explain characteristics of a fully functioning person.

2)List and explain the three major conditions for effective therapy, according to Rogers.

3)Explain the term “paradigm:’ How does a paradigm influence research?